Assumptions & Evaluations
Description of keywords, operators, pseudo-registers, number prefixes, and pre-defined functions
Description
HyperDbg uses a MASM-like (Windbg) syntax to evaluate script expressions.
HyperDbg script engine is case-sensitive.
Keywords
The following keywords are valid in Script Engine.
poi
Pointer-sized data from the specified address (dereference)
ref
Reference address of the specified variable
db
Low 8 bits (dereference)
hi
High 16 bits (dereference)
low
Low 16 bits (dereference)
dw
Low 16 bits (dereference)
dd
Low 32 bits (dereference)
dq
64 bits (dereference)
not
Flip each and every bit
neg
True/False logic flipping
If you want to read strings or Unicode strings, you can use the printf function.
Operators
The following operators are supported on the script engine.
Operators Precedence/Priority (Expressions)
( )
Parentheses
- + ~ * &
Unary Operators (Unary negative, Unary positive, Bitwise not, Reference, Address of)
/ % *
Arithmetic Operators (Division, Modulo, Multiplication)
+ -
Arithmetic Operators (Addition, Subtration)
<< >>
Shift Operators (Right shift, Left shift)
&
Bitwise AND Operator
^
Bitwise XOR Operator (exclusive OR)
|
Bitwise OR Operator
Operator Precedence/Priority (Boolean Expressions)
( )
Parentheses
- + ~ * &
Unary Operators (Unary negative, Unary positive, Bitwise not, Reference, Address of)
/ % *
Arithmetic Operators (Division, Modulo, Multiplication)
+ -
Arithmetic Operators (Addition, Subtration)
<< >>
Shift Operators (Right shift, Left shift)
>= < > <= == !=
Comparison operators
&
Bitwise AND Operator
^
Bitwise XOR Operator (exclusive OR)
|
Bitwise OR Operator
&&
Logical AND
||
Logical OR
Registers
The following registers are supported by HyperDbg.
@rax @eax @ax @ah @al @rcx @ecx @cx @ch @cl @rdx @edx @dx @dh @dl @rbx @ebx @bx @bh @bl @rsi @esi @si @sil @rdi @edi @di @dil
General-purpose registers
@r8 @r8d @r8w @r8h @r8l @r9 @r9d @r9w @r9h @r9l @r10 @r10d @r10w @r10h @r10l @r11 @r11d @r11w @r11h @r11l @r12 @r12d @r12w @r12h @r12l @r13 @r13d @r13w @r13h @r13l @r14 @r14d @r14w @r14h @r14l @r15 @r15d @r15w @r15h @r15l
64-bit mode registers
@rsp @esp @sp @spl @rbp @ebp @bp @bpl
Stack management registers
@rip @eip @ip
Program counter (Instruction pointer)
@rflags @eflags @flags
Flags register
@ds @es @cs @ss
Segment registers
@fs @gs
Segment registers (80386)
@cr0 @cr2 @cr3 @cr4 @cr8
Control registers
@gdtr @ldtr @tr
Memory management registers
@idtr
Interrupt descriptor register
@dr0 @dr1 @dr2 @dr3 @dr6 @dr7
Debug registers
Each flag of RFLAGS is also supported in HyperDbg.
Bit #
Mask
Register Abbreviation
Description
Category
FLAGS
0
0x0001
@cf
Carry flag
Status
1
0x0002
_
Reserved, always 1 in EFLAGS
_
2
0x0004
@pf
Parity flag
Status
3
0x0008
_
Reserved
_
4
0x0010
@af
Adjust flag
Status
5
0x0020
_
Reserved
_
6
0x0040
@zf
Zero flag
Status
7
0x0080
@sf
Sign flag
Status
8
0x0100
@tf
Trap flag (single step)
Control
9
0x0200
@if
Interrupt enable flag
Control
10
0x0400
@df
Direction flag
Control
11
0x0800
@of
Overflow flag
Status
12-13
0x3000
@iopl
I/O privilege level (286+ only), always 1 on 8086 and 186
System
14
0x4000
@nt
Nested task flag (286+ only), always 1 on 8086 and 186
System
15
0x8000
_
Reserved, always 1 on 8086 and 186, always 0 on later models
_
EFLAGS
16
0x0001 0000
@rf
Resume flag (386+ only)
System
17
0x0002 0000
@vm
Virtual 8086 mode flag (386+ only)
System
18
0x0004 0000
@ac
Alignment check (486SX+ only)
System
19
0x0008 0000
@vif
Virtual interrupt flag (Pentium+)
System
20
0x0010 0000
@vip
Virtual interrupt pending (Pentium+)
System
21
0x0020 0000
@id
Able to use CPUID instruction (Pentium+)
System
22‑31
0xFFC0 0000
_
Reserved
System
RFLAGS
32‑63
0xFFFF FFFF… 0000 0000
Reserved
_
_
Pseudo-registers
Here are the currently supported pseudo-registers supported by the script engine.
$pid
The process ID (PID) of the current process.
$proc
The address of the current process (that is, the address of the nt!_EPROCESS block).
$pname
A pointer to the character array of the process name. (It is a 16-byte long array in kernel-mode).
$tid
The thread ID for the current thread.
$core
The core ID for the current core.
$thread
The address of the current thread. In kernel-mode debugging, this address is the address of the nt!_ETHREAD block.
$peb
The address of the process environment block (PEB) of the current process.
$teb
The address of the thread environment block (TEB) of the current thread.
$ip
The instruction pointer register (rip).
$buffer
The pre-allocated buffer if the user requests a safe buffer.
$context
The context of the triggered event (It has a different meaning in each event).
$event_id
The event ID of the triggered event (Only in the case of events). [Added from v0.3]
$event_tag
The event tag of the triggered event (Only in the case of events). [Added from v0.3]
$event_stage
The calling stage of the triggered event (Only in the case of events). [Added from v0.5]
$date
A pointer to a buffer that holds the current date (to be used with printf with %s format string identifier). [Added from v0.9.1]
$time
A pointer to a buffer that holds the current time (to be used with printf with %s format string identifier). [Added from v0.9.1]
Some of the above pseudo-registers are not supported either in kernel-mode or user-mode. If you use these registers, then it returns NULL.
Number Prefixes
By default, HyperDbg interprets the numbers as hex (base 16). If you want to specify other forms of a number, you should use MASM prefixes. In all MASM expressions, numeric values are interpreted as numbers in the current radix (16, 10, or 8). You can override the default radix by specifying the 0x prefix (hexadecimal), the 0n prefix (decimal), the 0t prefix (octal), or the 0y prefix (binary).
Comments
HyperDbg's comments are like C comments.
A comment starts with a slash asterisk /* and ends with an asterisk slash */ and can be anywhere in your program. Comments can span several lines within your C program.
OR
You can create a comment on a single line.
Strings
There are C-like functions for performing string and wide-character string comparisons. Regular strings are enclosed in double quotations (e.g., "This is a string"), while wide-character strings begin with an 'L' followed by double quotations (e.g., L"This is a wide-character string").
Escape Characters
Special characters such as \n and \t, are used to represent special characters like newline and tab within strings. Additionally, hexadecimal representations between strings, like "\x41\x42\x43", enable the inclusion of specific byte values in a character sequence.
Functions
HyperDbg supports multiple pre-defined functions.
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